Author(s): Ines Oliveira and Marta Ferreira

Abstract: Concrete dams play a crucial role in water storage, hydroelectric power generation, and flood control, but their long-term durability and sustainability remain significant challenges due to structural degradation, environmental exposure, and carbon emissions associated with traditional construction materials. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of innovative materials—steel slag, engineered cementitious composites (ECC), and graphene-enhanced concrete (Concretene)-in enhancing the mechanical performance, durability, and environmental sustainability of concrete dams. Experimental methods included designing optimized concrete mixes, conducting compressive and flexural strength tests, and assessing durability parameters such as water absorption, chloride penetration, and freeze-thaw resistance. Environmental sustainability was analyzed using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and carbon emission calculations. Results demonstrated that graphene-enhanced concrete exhibited the highest compressive strength (55 MPa), flexural strength (6.5 MPa), and superior resistance to chloride penetration (8 mm) and freeze-thaw cycles (250 cycles). ECC followed closely with excellent crack resistance and moderate mechanical improvements, while steel slag concrete provided a cost-effective and environmentally beneficial alternative with moderate performance gains. Statistical analysis using ANOVA confirmed significant differences between the mixes, with an F-statistic of 39.55 and a p-value of 1.06e-09, indicating robust statistical significance. The study concludes that graphene-enhanced concrete is the most effective material for improving dam performance, while ECC is ideal for rehabilitation projects, and steel slag concrete remains a viable low-cost option for large-scale construction. Practical recommendations include adopting hybrid concrete mixtures, integrating IoT-based structural monitoring systems, and prioritizing large-scale field validations. Future research should focus on improving the scalability and cost-effectiveness of graphene-enhanced concrete, along with exploring innovative hybrid material solutions for broader industry adoption.

DOI: 10.22271/27078302.2024.v5.i2a.53

Pages: 40-47 | Views: 61 | Downloads: 21

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